V2 Rocket

V2 Rocket :

The A-4, later called the V-2, was a single-stage rocket fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen. It stood 46.1 feet high and had a thrust of 56,000 pounds. The A-4 had a payload capacity of 2,200 pounds and could reach a velocity of 3,500 miles per hour.  On October 3, 1942 the A-4 was first launched from Peenemunde. Breaking the sound barrier, it reached an altitude of sixty miles. It was the world's first launch of a ballistic missile and the first rocket ever to go into the fringes of space. In 1943 Hitler decided to use the A-4 as a "vengeance weapon," and the group found themselves developing the A-4 to rain explosives on London. Fourteen months after Hitler ordered it into production, the first combat A-4, now called the V-2, was launched toward western Europe on September 7, 1944. The V-2s were constructed at the Mittelwerk site by prisoners from Mittlebrau-Dora. Mittlebrau-Dora was a concentration camp where an estimated 20,000 prisoners died during the war. An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured. This means there were two people killed per V-2 rocket. The V-1 and V-2 Rockets cost an estimated $3 billion in wartime dollars. About 2100 rockets were built. Highly interested in the weapon, both American and Soviet forces scrambled to capture existing V-2 rockets and parts at the end of the war. In the conflict's final days, von Braun and Dornberger surrendered to American troops and assisted in further testing the missile before coming to the United States.

Sources:  http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=894
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365052459/
http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/v2.htm

Radio Hour

The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fights injustice in the American old west. with his Indian friend, Tonot. The character has become an enduring icon of American culture.He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXZY (Detroit) radio station owner gorge W. Trendal.The Lone Ranger is so named because the character is the last survivor of a group of Texas rangers, rather than because he works alone (as he is usually accompanied by Tonto).

The 1920s has been called the Golden Age of American Sports. It also has been called the Age of the Spectator.The United States had a strong economy for most of that decade.

Advertising Advertising as it is known today finds its roots in the industrial expansion of the 1880s. The mass production and the lowering of prices on consumer goods meant that more items were available to more people than ever before. The construction of the transcontinental railroads provided a national market for a company's goods.

(My section) News In response to requests from website visitors, the HPLHS is pleased to make available genuine articles from 1920s newspapers, transcribed directly from vintage copies, for use by gamers who wish to make their own prop newspaper clippings.

Great Depression Outline

I Intro:
The Great Depression was one of the hardest periods of history. Though the whole world was impacted, America was affected the most. Between extreme poverty and insane unemployment rates, people were having a tough time surviving the hardships of the great depression. 
II Causes - The causes of the great depression were the 1929 Stock Market Crash, bank failures, and drought conditions

A) Over speculation: Before the Great Depression, there were very few regulations on the Stock Market. Because of this, investors were able to buy a ton of stocks with money that they didn't have. When the stock market started to crash, people tried to sell all of their stocks, but it was too late and everything lost its value.

B) Government Policy: The government had bad policies on taxes that dealt with income and imports. In 1929, they increased interest rates from 3.5% to 5%, which some believe caused the Great Depression. The money supply fell by over 30% during the great depression.

C) Unstable Economy: There was an uneven distribution of wealth in America , with some people being extremely rich and some people being extremely poor. This led America into the Great Depression, because the economy was unstable.

1) Uneven prosperity: The time before the Great Depression, was a time of false prosperity. America was overdependent on production, which created a very unbalanced economy. 60% of people were below the poverty line, while the richest 5% of the population account for 33% of Americas wealth.

2) Overproduction: Owners of large companies felt invincible so they decided to produce a more and more goods because they believed that consumers would buy them. Most consumers didn't have enough money to do that though, which led to a massive overproduction of goods because they didn't sell.

3) worker issues / farm issues: Both workers and farms had been very prosperous in the early 20's. Farms were producing lots of food, and there were many jobs that needed to be filled. Once Farms started being less important though, many people lost their jobs and America began to sink into the depression. 

III Effects

A) Poverty: Over 60% of people were below the poverty line before the great depression. Then that number rose even higher during the depression, because no one had any jobs. It was an all around bad situation. 

B) Society: Music played a huge role in society during the depression, and helped keep peoples spirits up. Jazz was especially popular, and it helped people to momentarily forget about their tough life. 

C) World: The world was still recovering from WW1, and trying to repair all of the damage. There had been so many casualties during the war, that many people no longer had complete families with a dad/husband. Because of this, many families lacked a "money earner" and so many people became very poor.

IV Solutions

A) Hoover: 31st president of the US. He creates the public works, which built the Hoover dam. He implemented limited relief programs that gave money directly to those in need.He also bailed out some banks.

1) Volunteerism: This was part of Hoovers plan to raise money during the Great Depression. His goal was to jumpstart the economy, and get things rolling again.

2) Public Works: The Public Works Administration was part of the New Deal, in resonse to the great depression. It did things like build dams and hospitals in hopes of improving the economy.

3) Hawley Smoot: This was a tariff created in June of 1930 that raised tariffs to historically high levels. It was created to help protect farmers from agricultural imports.

4) RFC: Reconstruction Finance Corporation- Agency created by US Government to help banks after the Great Depression.

B) Roosevelt: Franklin Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States. He led the US Through the Great Depression, and was generally liked by the people. 

1 new deal) Social Security Act: This act established a system that provided old-age pensions for workers, survivors benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, and aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind and physically disabled.

a) alphabet soup)
example: CCC (Civilian Conservation Corporation)- a work relief program to help people find work. 

example: FHA (Federal Housing Administration)- regulated housing conditions and mortgages.

example: NRA (National Recovery Act)- designed to brings the interests of working-class Americans and large-scale businesses together. 

example: WPA (Works Progress Administration)- This was the largest New Deal Agency. It created many jobs for Americans, by putting them to work on roads, buildings, and other large projects that benefited all of society. 

b) Criticsim:  Conservatives thought that Roosevelt was spending too much money and thought thought he was abusing the governments power by becoming too involved. Liberals thought that Roosevelt was not doing enough to help the economy and that he needed to spend more money.


2) 2nd new deal: During the second new deal, there was stronger emphasis on social reform than the first.

a) Deficit spending-abandoned a balanced budget and borrowed money to pay for things.

b) WPA- Works Progress Administration Gave people jobs constructing highways, buildings, and parks. 

c) Social Security Act provided security for elderly and unemployed Americans.

V) Criticism: Criticism was coming from everywhere as people were having an extremely hard time agreeing with each other.

B) Political Criticism:  Came from both the democrats and the conservatives

A) Conservatives: Believed that too much money was being spent. They didn't want the government to help people out very much either. The conservatives were typically the richer people, who didn't suffer as much during the Great Depression.
     
B) Liberals: Believed that there was not enough money being spent, and the government should do more to help the poorer people in society. 
           
VI Effectiveness: Though the Great Depression was a time of hardships physically and mentally, America gained a strength as a country that had perviously been lacking.

A) Changes in US: The governments role in the country really changed after the great depression, because it became way more involved. New policies changed the US in a good way.

B) Unions: Unions began to stand up for themselves, because they realized that they can make a difference in their country. They engaged in sit down strikes, where workers stopped working but didn't leave the building. This prevented owners from simply bringing in more workers.

C) Culture: The cultural experience in America seemed to grow after the depression, because people realized that they have to work together in order to make things happen. Music and art also came to life as it was more popular; it made people forget about their hardships for awhile.

VII Conclusion:
The Great Depressions legacy will last forever. It was a time of hardships but people learned to work together in order to get through tough times. It's a mistake we all learned from so hopefully this won't happen again anywhere in the near future. 

Jazz Age - Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright was born on June 8, 1867, in Richland Center, Wisconsin. After college, he became chief assistant to architect Louis Sullivan. Wright then founded his own firm and developed a style known as the Prairie school, which strove for an "organic architecture" in designs for homes and commercial buildings.  Over his career he created numerous iconic buildings. Frank Lloyd Wright was the most influential American architect of the 20th century. He designed private homes, office buildings, hotels, churches, museums, and more. As a pioneer of the “organic” architecture movement, Wright designed buildings that integrated into the natural environments that surrounded them. Perhaps the most famous example of Wright’s daring design was Fallingwater, which Wright designed to literally hover over a waterfall. Despite murder, fire, and mayhem that plagued his lifetime, Wright designed more than 800 buildings -- 380 of these were actually built, with more than one-third now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
He died April 9, 1959.Frank Lloyd Wright passed away on April 9, 1959, at the age 91, six months before the Guggenheim opened its doors. Wright is widely considered the greatest architect of the 20th century, and the greatest American architect of all time. He perfected a distinctly American style of architecture that emphasized simplicity and natural beauty in contrast to the elaborate and ornate architecture that had prevailed in Europe. With likely superhuman energy and persistence, Wright designed more than 1,100 buildings during his lifetime, nearly one third of which he designed during his last decade.


Sources:
http://www.cmgww.com/historic/flw/fwcare.html
http://wrightonthepark.org/about-us/about-frank-lloyd-wright/

WWI letter

Dear Betty,

War has been distancing our hearts, our souls and our lifes. War has made me a different man, not stronger but I'm afraid colder. I pray everyday that god would let me return home to my beloved wife and children. I've seen my men die like stars falling off the sky. Their feet rot and fall apart like decayed bread. Everyday we hold on to our fate. Our soldiers unshackled from life's bonds by a bomb, blown from earth straight to heaven to be free. I've seen demons slaughtering our men within trenches. God has long left this place, angels have been defeated and death is coming closer with every breath I take.

Yours forever,

John

WWI Causes

M.A.I.N.

Militarism - the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Alliances - a union or association formed for mutual benefit, esp. between countries or organizations.

Imperialism - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nationalism -  a desire by a large group of people (such as people who share the same culture, history, language, etc.) to form a separate and independent nation of their own.

1) Militarism: It is the preparation for war. At the time, Britain had the most powerful navy and Germany was trying to expand theirs. This established strong navies and prepared them for war.

2) Alliances: It is the formal agreement of support among countries in the event of an attack. This caused WWI because the conflict originally involved between two countries were likely to involve many more countries due to the alliance. Germany was an ally of Austria Hungary, if they were at war, then Germany would be automatically at war.

3) Imperialism: The building of power by controlling over colonies. Countries were arguing over colonies and this caused them to war. Every country wanted to expand their power.

4) Nationalism: It is a deep loyalty to one's nation. Gavrilo Princip from Serbia was the person who triggered WWI by killing Archuduke from Austria-Hungary, because he Austria-Hungary controlled Serbia at the time. This is an example of nationalism because he was showing loyalty to his own country.

The spark that started World War I was the assassination of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. His death triggered Austria's declaration of war against Serbia.

RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner, holder of the Blue Riband and briefly the world's biggest ship. She was launched by the Cunard Line in 1907, at a time of fierce competition for the North Atlantic trade. In 1915 she was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew.

The Sussex Pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war.


Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules. This had a huge impact on  WWI and was announced by Germany on January 9th, 1917.

The Zimmermann Note was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join the Central Powers, in the event of the United States entering World War I on the side of the Entente Powers.

WWI - The Draft/Conscription

To raise a national army for the American entry into World War I, the Selective Draft Act of 1917 authorized the federal government to raise an army through conscription. The Act itself was drafted by  Hugh Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany. The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November, 1918.

At the time of World War I, the U.S. Army lacked in size compared with the mobilized armies of the powers of Europe. As late as 1914, the federal army was under 100,000, while the National Guard  numbered around 115,000. The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the growth of the army to 165,000 and the National Guard to 450,000 by 1921. By 1917 the federal army had only expanded to around 121,000, with the National Guard numbering 181,000. Six weeks after war was declared,  73,000 had volunteered for service.

All males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service by the guidelines of the Selective Service Act. Later congress made the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45, and to expand volunteering. By the end of World War I, around 2 million men volunteered for the armed services, and about 2.8 million had been drafted. More than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted. There were 3 national registration days.

The World War I draft had a high success rate due to the patriotic attitude with fewer than 350,000 men dodging the draft.

                                                   








Sources: http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usconscription_wilson.htm
https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1968530